Tag: Investment Protection Clauses

Investor‑state protections in treaties and contracts safeguard cross-border investments and manage risks. Key standards like FET, MFN, National Treatment, Umbrella Clauses, and Legitimate Expectations ensure fairness and predictability. Mechanisms such as Indirect Expropriation, Stabilisation Clauses, Police Powers Doctrine, and Denial of Justice balance investor rights with the state’s regulatory authority. Understanding these principles helps policymakers,…